Chewing Lab 12/10/10 Revised #2 (Right One)

Hypothesis:
Our hypothesis was that when Sarah and Maria ate sour skittles, we would see a noticeable difference in their mV per second. We also predicted that when they ate chocolate, boklava, and gum their amount of mV per seconds would be very similar. We thought these things because Maria usually eats more sour things, while Sarah prefers sweets. We knew the sweet items wouldn’t cause a great change in mV per second because sweets don’t cause the jaw to clench up as sour or bitter tastes would. Because Maria is used to eating sour food and Sarah is not, we predicted that Sarah’s mV per second jump compared to Maria’s.

Materials:

1. Lab Pro
2. Electro -Tabs
3. Food Types
1. Sour Skittles
2. Baklava
3. Chocolate
4. Gum

Experiment:
First we placed the electro tabs on the upper and lower portion jaw and arm. Then we recorded the mV the resting period for five seconds, then the clenching period for five seconds, for a total of 30 seconds. After recording this we, we add food to the process. First we recorded a ten second resting period, then had Sarah and Maria put skittles in their mouth then chewed for 20 seconds. We repeated these steps with chocolate, baklava and gum. We then recorded our data and graphed it.

Results:
The results we found after doing out experiment showed when Sarah ate sour skittles, her m/v per second was really high. Yet, when Maria had ate the same skittles, her jaw was normal. We decided that this was due to Maria being so used to eating sour food, where Sarah was not. After Sarah and Maria ate the sweets, we noticed Sarah’s mV per second was a bit lower than Maria’s. We also found that with our last material, gum, Sarah’s and Maria’s mV were very alike, and continual pattern.This was because Sarah and Maria chewed there gum at a consistent pace.

	Sarah Resting	Sarah Clenching	Maria Resting	Maria Clenching
Min:	.9133	.7485	.9328	.9145
Max:	1.132	1.537	1.115	1.147
Difference	.2187	.7885	.1822	.2325

SKITTLES	Sarah Resting	Sarah Chewing	Maria Resting	Maria Chewing
Min:	.6862	.6862	.9084	.7814
Max:	1.465	1.867	1.132	1.391
Diff:	.7788	1.1808	.2236	.6096

CHOCOLATE	Sarah Resting	Sarah Chewing	Maria Resting	Maria Chewing
Max:	1.216	1.397	1.131	1.477
Min:	.8962	.8535	.9267	.8230
Diff:	.3198	.5435	.2043	.652

BAKLAVA	Sarah Resting	Sarah Chewing	Maria Resting	Maria Chewing
Max:	1.277	1.507	1.205	1.357
Min:	.8510	.8230	.9499	.8400
Diff:	.426	.684	.1861	.517

GUM	Sarah Resting	Sarah Chewing	Maria Resting	Maria Chewing
Max:	1.225	1.234	1.136	1.357
Min:	.8400	.8120	.9499	.8400
Diff:	.385	.422	.1861	.517

Chewing Lab 12/10/10 Revised

Hypothesis:
Our hypothesis was that when Sarah and Maria ate sour skittles, we would see a noticeable difference in their mV per second. We also predicted that when they ate chocolate, boklava, and gum their amount of mV per seconds would be very similar. We thought these things because Maria usually eats more sour things, while Sarah prefers sweets. We knew the sweet items wouldn’t cause a great change in mV per second because sweets don’t cause the jaw to clench up as sour or bitter tastes would. Because Maria is used to eating sour food and Sarah is not, we predicted that Sarah’s mV per second jump compared to Maria’s.

Materials:

1. Lab Pro
2. Electro -Tabs
3. Food Types
1. Sour Skittles
2. Baklava
3. Chocolate
4. Gum



Experiment:
First we placed the electro tabs on the upper and lower portion jaw and arm. Then we recorded the mV the resting period for five seconds, then the clenching period for five seconds, for a total of 30 seconds. After recording this we, we add food to the process. First we recorded a ten second resting period, then had Sarah and Maria put skittles in their mouth then chewed for 20 seconds. We repeated these steps with chocolate, baklava and gum. We then recorded our data and graphed it.

Results:
The results we found after doing out experiment showed when Sarah ate sour skittles, her m/v per second was really high. Yet, when Maria had ate the same skittles, her jaw was normal. We decided that this was due to Maria being so used to eating sour food, where Sarah was not. After Sarah and Maria ate the sweets, we noticed Sarah’s mV per second was a bit lower than Maria’s. We also found that with our last material, gum, Sarah’s and Maria’s mV were very alike, and continual pattern.This was because Sarah and Maria chewed there gum at a consistent pace.






Sarah Resting Sarah Clenching Maria Resting Maria Clenching
Min: .9133 .7485 .9328 .9145
Max: 1.132 1.537 1.115 1.147
Difference .2187 .7885 .1822 .2325










SKITTLES Sarah Resting Sarah Chewing Maria Resting Maria Chewing
Min: .6862 .6862 .9084 .7814
Max: 1.465 1.867 1.132 1.391
Diff: .7788 1.1808 .2236 .6096












CHOCOLATE Sarah Resting Sarah Chewing Maria Resting Maria Chewing
Max: 1.216 1.397 1.131 1.477
Min: .8962 .8535 .9267 .8230
Diff: .3198 .5435 .2043 .652










BAKLAVA Sarah Resting Sarah Chewing Maria Resting Maria Chewing
Max: 1.277 1.507 1.205 1.357
Min: .8510 .8230 .9499 .8400
Diff: .426 .684 .1861 .517










GUM Sarah Resting Sarah Chewing Maria Resting Maria Chewing
Max: 1.225 1.234 1.136 1.357
Min: .8400 .8120 .9499 .8400
Diff: .385 .422 .1861 .517

Chewing Lab 12/10/10

Bones: Fracture Types November 1, 2010

There are numerous types of bone fractures.  A few examples of popular fractures are:

• Compound Fracture
• This type of fracture is open (the bone penetrates through the skin)
• The outside air has to be able to get to the fracture for it to be classified as compound
• High risk of infection because the bone is exposed to the outside world
• Generally treated with surgery
• Greenstick Fracture
• Incomplete fracture
• One side of the bone breaks; the other side bends
• Common in children (their bones are generally softer and more flexible than an adult's)
• Spiral
• Ragged break
• Bone is excessively twisted
• Common sports injury
• Also known as a torsion fracture
• Shape of the fracture is similar to a corkscrew
• Common in people with fragile bones
• Comminuted
• result from a high velocity injury
• A fall
• Direct blow
• Bone breaks into three or more pieces
• Common in elderly
• Transverse
•  Completely broken
• Separated into two pieces
• Break is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
• Often result from a direct blow
• Also can result from repetitive pressure
• Running

Compound Fracture

Greenstick Fracture

Spiral Fracture

Comminuted Fracture

Transverse Fracture

Tissue Engineering Review October 8, 2010

In order to grow tissues, labs have to do such things in a very similar way to which they naturally grow.  This is not an easy task though, because there is never a guarantee that it will work.  Scientists basically have to persuade the cells into growing and staying alive.  The physical environment is also important in the growth of the cells because the cells need the proper amount of nutrients and means of waste removal just like naturally grown cells have.  I found the article about the mouse very interesting.

Human Epithelia Review September 23

Anatomy and Physiology
A Summary of Epithelial Tissue Organizational Types


Below each picture, give a general description of the tissue type and list locations in the body in which it is found.


Simple Squamous Epithelium:

Characteristics of simple squamous epithelial tissue:

It is the simplest of the epitheliums. It is a single layer of flat cells, disc-shaped, not much cytoplasm. BY


Examples of simple squamous epithelial tissue:
Found in the lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels; in the air sacs of lungs. BY


2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium



Characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue:

It is a single layer of cube shaped cells. BY



Examples of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue:

It is found in the kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; and ovary surface. BY







Simple Columnar Epithelium

Characteristics of simple columnar epithelial tissue:
It is a single layer of tall cells. Some cells have cilia; may have mucus-secreting unicellular glands. BY

Examples of simple columnar epithelial tissue:
One type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach and anal canal), gall bladder; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, some parts of the uterus. BY













4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Characteristics of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue:

This epithelial tissue is a single layer of cells with different heights. It’s function is to secrete, mostly mucus. BY



Examples of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue:
The nonciliated type is found in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and the ducts of large glands. The ciliated type has a variety; lining the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. BY


5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium



Characteristics of stratified squamous epithelial tissues:

It has a thick membrane made up of several cell layers. It protects the underlying tissue in areas that are open to abrasion. BY


Examples of stratified squamous epithelial tissues:

The nonkeratinized type makes the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. The keratinized (where keratin is deposited into cells) variety makes the epidermis of the skin which is a dry membrane. BY


6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium



Characteristics of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues:

This type of epithelium is rarely found in the body. BY



Examples of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues:
It is mostly found in the ducts of larger glands such as the sweat glands and mammary glands. There are typically two layers of this epithelium. BY


7. Stratified Columnar Epithelium



Characteristics of stratified columnar epithelial tissue:

This also isn’t usually found in the body. The only layer of the cell that is columnar is the apical* layer. BY





Examples of stratified columnar epithelial tissue:

Small amounts are found in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some ducts from the glands. BY


8. Transitional Epithelium



Characteristics of transitional epithelial tissues:
They have the ability to change their shape which allows more urine to flow through a tubelike organ. It allows more urine to be stored in the bladder. BY





Examples of transitional epithelial tissues:
This epithelium forms the lining of hollow urinary organs that stretch as they fill with urine. BY

Homeostasis Lab September 21

Organizational Levels Sep 14

Medical Terms September 13 (Anterior and Posterior)

Medical Terms September 13 (Anatomical Position)

Medical Terms

Homeostasis Blog 1 August 31, 2010

Homeostasis-the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world.
It is basically the body's ability to keep everything balanced including breathing, heart rate, temperature, etc.
When one part of the body responds to a stimuli, then the rest of the body follows soon after.  As in if you get a paper cut and it starts to bleed, the reaction would be for the blood at the surface of the cut to start clotting, then the heart continues to pump blood back to the whole body so basically the blood lost is getting refilled.